Air pollution levels have shot up in the Indian capital, Delhi, during the current festive season of Diwali.
A lot of attention has focused on the impact of fireworks and this year, as in previous years, India's Supreme Court has attempted to restrict their use.
But how far are they really responsible for poor air quality?
There are studies which show that levels of some hazardous pollutants rise significantly during the Diwali period, but there are also other factors that could account for poor air quality.
Seasonal pollution
Air pollution has become a growing problem for India in recent years.The World Health Organization (WHO) database on air quality lists nine Indian cities in the top 20 worldwide for the highest annual concentrations of PM2.5 - one of the most harmful particles for human health.
The levels are way above recommended the WHO guidelines for concentrations of PM2.5.
Particulate matter, or PM2.5 is a type of pollution involving fine particles fewer than 2.5 microns (0.0025mm) in diameter
A second type, PM10, is of coarser particles with a diameter of up to 10 micronsSome occur naturally - e.g. from dust storms and forest fires, others from human industrial processes
They often consist of fragments that are small enough to reach the lungs or, in the smallest cases, to cross into the bloodstream as well
Around this time of year, Delhi and other cities in northern India, experience worsening air quality because of a combination of factors, not just because of Diwali fireworks.
These include:
- crop burning by farmers in Punjab and Haryana states
- exhaust emissions from vehicles
- construction and industrial activity in Delhi and surrounding areas
- weather patterns across the region trapping pollutants in the atmosphere
Since the air quality is bad anyway at this time of year, how do we know what contribution Diwali makes?
Diwali impact
A recent study that has attempted to answer this question says there is a "small but statistically significant" effect from Diwali fireworks. |
| Smog is a regular issue around this time of the year in Delhi |
The study focused on five locations across Delhi, and looked at data gathered between 2013 and 2016.
Diwali is set according to the Hindu lunar calendar and usually happens in late October or early November.
The different dates are important because they enable the authors to take into account crop burning as a factor, because that only starts at the same time of year.
"We used Nasa satellite data to establish when crop burning was happening in northern India," Dhananjay Ghei, one of the authors of the report told the BBC.
Particulate matter, or PM2.5 is a type of pollution involving fine particles fewer than 2.5 microns (0.0025mm) in diameter
A second type, PM10, is of coarser particles with a diameter of up to 10 microns
Some occur naturally - e.g. from dust storms and forest fires, others from human industrial processes
They often consist of fragments that are small enough to reach the lungs or, in the smallest cases, to cross into the bloodstream as well
Around this time of year, Delhi and other cities in northern India, experience worsening air quality because of a combination of factors, not just because of Diwali fireworks.
These include:
crop burning by farmers in Punjab and Haryana states
exhaust emissions from vehicles
construction and industrial activity in Delhi and surrounding areas
In two out of the four years, crop burning did not coincide directly with Diwali celebrations.
And they also point out that industrial activity in one location stopped because of the holiday, and factored the weather conditions into their calculations.
They found increases in concentrations of PM2.5 of almost 40% by the second day of the festival.
This then falls back to existing background levels soon after the end of Diwali.
And when looked at on an hourly basis, there was a rise of 100% for the five hours after 18:00 local time - the evening darkness period when most celebrations take place.
A report by Delhi's Environment Pollution Authority also shows significant spikes around the Diwali period in both 2016 and 2017.
Other pollutants
It should be pointed out here that not all fireworks produce a lot of PM2.5 particles, although the bigger ones tend to have larger concentrations.The other caveat is around vehicle traffic, which increases in the Diwali period when people go out to buy gifts and visit family and friends.
Could the higher concentrations of PM 2.5 be because of more traffic on the roads rather than fireworks?
The authors say they want to address this in future research.
That being said, fireworks do contain other toxic substances, including heavy metals.
A separate study that has been done in the Indian city of Jamshedpur found significantly increased levels of the following substances during the Diwali period:
PM10 particles
sulphur dioxide
nitrogen dioxide
ozone
iron
lead
manganese
copper
beryllium
nickel
The government's own Central Pollution Control Board lists 15 substances in fireworks which it says are "hazardous and toxic".
Again it needs to be added that some of these substances are also produced by vehicle emissions.
However, there probably is some logic to attempts to restrict the use of fireworks - if only on the basis that they contribute to an existing problem in cities that are already some of the most polluted on earth.
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